150.在苏联时期，医疗保健质量的阶级差别非常明显。贿赂—尤其是贿赂外科医生—成为常态。在许多情况下，外科医生会直截了当地拒绝给病人手术来换取大笔现金。他们可能曾是无产阶级国家的工人，但他们现在也是熟练的专业人士，靠一种假定的腐败模式发家致富。详见：Voslensky, M., Nomenklatura: The Soviet Class, An Insider's Report. Translated by Eric Nosbacher. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1984; and Smith, H., The Russians, 1973, op. cit。
151.Editorial. “Health in Russia is broke, but who is to fix it?” Lancet 353 (1999): 337;Burger, E. J., Field, M. G., and Twigg, J. L., “From assurance to insurance in Russian health care: The problematic transition.” American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998): 755-58; and Sheiman, I., “Forming the system of health insurance in the Russian Federation.” Social Science and Medicine 39 (1994): 1425-32.